Opioids are a class of drugs used primarily for pain relief. They include prescription medications like oxycodone, hydrocodone, morphine, and fentanyl, as well as illegal drugs like heroin. When used properly under medical supervision, opioids can be effective in managing pain, especially after surgery or injury. However, because of their highly addictive nature, misuse can quickly lead to dependence, addiction, and, in some cases, overdose.
Opioids interact with the brain's receptors to reduce the perception of pain and produce feelings of euphoria. This euphoric effect makes them particularly prone to misuse. Over time, the body builds tolerance, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effect, increasing the risk of addiction and overdose.
Opioid addiction does not discriminate. It affects people across all demographics, from suburban mothers and college students to veterans and rural workers. The widespread availability of opioids, combined with socioeconomic stressors, inadequate mental health support, and limited access to treatment, has created a perfect storm.
Recognizing the signs of opioid addiction is key to early intervention. Common signs include:
Strong cravings for opioids
Inability to control use despite negative consequences
Withdrawal symptoms when not using
Neglect of responsibilities and relationships
Seeing multiple physicians or forging prescriptions
If you or someone you know shows these signs, it is crucial to seek help. Opioid addiction is a medical condition, not a moral failing, and it can be treated.
When someone overdoses, their breathing slows down or stops completely. Signs of an overdose include not being able to stay awake, walk, talk, or breathe. If you suspect someone has overdosed, call 9-1-1 immediately. Naloxone is a life-saving medication that can reverse an overdose from opioids—including heroin, fentanyl, and prescription opioid medications—when given in time. A naloxone kit contains enough medicine to reverse opioid overdoses for 10-15 minutes, allowing time for medical personnel to arrive and assist. Even if you are not sure what a person has taken, you can give naloxone if they are showing signs of an overdose. It is a safe medication that will not cause more harm, even if opioids have not been used.
In many provinces, naloxone kits are available for free from your pharmacy. Even in provinces where naloxone kits are not covered, your pharmacist can assist in determining how you can best access a naloxone kit for use at home. Because accidental overdose can occur with any opioid, it is recommended that patients who are taking prescription opioids consider having a kit at home. In addition, many people choose to have a kit in case of an emergency.
In Canada, the Good Samaritan Drug Overdose Act applies to anyone seeking emergency support during an overdose, including the person experiencing an overdose. Because opioids remain active in the body significantly longer than naloxone, it is necessary to seek medical assistance for anyone experiencing an opioid overdose.
